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2018年考研英语二阅读理解真题及参考答案

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.

Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?

As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.

But he' 's also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.

School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it's for kids who can't make it academically, "he says.

On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America's evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and righfully so But the headlong push into bachelor' s degrees for all- -and the subtle devaluing of anything less- -misses an important point: That s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelor 's degree opens more doors.

But even now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.

In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working- class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.

Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.

21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students' lack of.

[A]practical ability

[B] academic training

[C]pioneering spirit

[D]mechanical memorization

22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.

[A]have a stereotyped mind

[B]have no career motivation

[C] are not academically successful

[D] are financially disadvantaged

23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.

[A] used to have big financial concerns

[B] used to have more job opportunities

[C] are reluctant to work in manufacturing

[D] are entitled to more educational privileges

24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.

[A]helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs

[B]may narrow the gap in working-class jobs

[C] is expected to yield a better-trained workforce

[D] indicates the overvaluing of higher education

25. The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described as.

[A] supportive

[B] tolerant

[C] disappointed

[D] cautious

【答案解析】

21、

[答案] [A]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词A broken bike chain定位到第二段第三句，该定位句将“说出美国第十三任总统的名字”的机械记忆与“面对一条断 了的自行车链时却完全不知所措”实践能力的缺乏做对比，质疑这种公认的智慧。这部分细节用于支撑第二段第二句提出的观点:学习不是书本、考试和机械的记忆，而是实践，由此可见，作者以断了的自行车链为例，是为了说明学生缺乏实践能力，故答案为A。

22、

[答案] [C]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词vocational education可以定位到第四段第三句，该定位句指出职业教育中潜在的偏见:职业教育是为那些无法取得学术成功的孩子准备的，这是对首句提到的prejudice的具体阐述。C项中的academically和successful分别与第三句中的academically 和make it相对应，是对该句的同义替换，故C为答案。

23、

[答案] [B]

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 5和high school graduates可以定位到第五段第三句，该定位句指出美国经济曾经提供给高中毕业生的工作保障已基本消失，句中的once offered表明高中毕业生过去是有工作保障的，选项B中的have more job opportunities是对原文中的the job security ..has. largely evaporated的推断，故为答案。

24、

[答案] [D]

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干关键词The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all可以定位到第六段第一句，该句指出大力推动学士学位忽视了重要的一点:这并不是美国经济所唯一需 要的。其中在推动学士学位的同时，不漏声色地低估了其他方面，由此可以推断，这种做法是对高等教育的高估，选项D中的overvaluing of higher education对应原文中的devaluing of anything less，低估职业教育意味着高估高等教育。

随后，作者在肯定了学士学位为本科生打开了更多扇门之后，话锋一转，指出54%的工作属于中等技能的工作，而只有44%的工人得到充分培训，由此可以验证人们大力推动学士学位是对高等教育的高估，故答案为D。

25、

[答案] [A]

[解析]观点态度题。根据题干关键词Koziatek's school可以定位到最后一段第一句， 该定位句指出科佐泰克的学校是一个提醒标志。wake-up表明这是让人们清醒过来，结合下一句指出的“当教育适合所有人的时候，它同样也造成一种风险，即容易忽视国家的人才多样性”，说明作者对科佐泰克的学校进行实践性的职业教育持肯定态度，选项A意为“支持的”，故为答案。

Text 2

While fossil fuels- coal, oil, gas- still generate roughly 85 percent of the world's energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.

Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources.

But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.

In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland，for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe , the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.

President Trump has underlined fossil fuels- especially coal- as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in lowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state 's electricity generation- -and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.

The question“what happens when the wind doesn't blow or the sun doesn't shine?" has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.

The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.

While there's a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up一perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does- or doesn't do- to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.

26.The word“plummeting"(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.

[A]stabilizing

[B]changing

[C]falling

[D]rising

27.According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.

[A]is progressing notably

[B]is as extensive as in Europe

[C]faces many challenges

[D]has proved to be impractical

28.I1t can be learned that in lowa,

[A]wind is a widely used energy source

[B]wind energy has replaced fossil fuels

[C]tech giants are investing in clean energy

[D]there is a shortage of clean energy supply

29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?

[A]Its application has boosted battery storage.

[B]It is commonly used in car manufacturing.

[C]Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.

[D]Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.

30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.

[A]will bring the US closer to other countries

[B]will accelerate global environmental change

[C]is not really encouraged by the US government

[D]is not competitive enough with regard to its cost

【答案解析】

26、

[答案] [C]

[解析]语义理解题。根据题干可以定位到第二段第二句“But increasingly the story is about the

plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar."由句中的But可以看出，作者在这里提出的一个观点，随后必然提供论据对该观点进行支撑。第三句提到太阳能电池板和风力涡轮机的成本分别下降了近80%和近1/3，这里的the cost.. dropped对应第二句中的plummeting prices，可见plummet与drop为同义替换，与fall的意思也相同，故答案为C。

27、

[答案] [A]

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干关键词Paragraph3和America可以定位到第三段第三句。该句提到在世界其他国家，特别是中国和欧洲领先的情况下，美国也出现了显著的转变，A项中的notably与句中的remarkable属于同一语义场，结合第四句中的具体数字可以看出，第三句中的shift是指有所进步，故答案为

28、

[答案] [A]

[解析]判断推理题。根据题干关键词Iowa可以定位到第四段末句。该句指出，在爱荷华州，风力涡轮机遍布于田地，提供该州36%的发电量，而像微软这样的科技巨头也被清洁能源为其数据中心供电的可用性所吸引。由此可见，在爱荷华州，风力发电十分普遍，故答案为A。

29、

[答案] [C]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词Paragraphs 5&6可以定位到第五段和第六段。本题是基于两段内容的推断，在第五段首句提出问题之后，作者用But转折，随后表述了观点:电池存储容量的提高正在使它们更有可能连续24小时保持电力的流动。这里的keep power flowing around the clock与选项C的Its continuous supply对应，而make their  aility..more likely与该项中的is becoming a reality是同义转述，故答案为C。

30、

[答案] [C]

[解析]判断推理题。根据题干关键词the last paragraph定位至末段，第三句中的alternative energy与题干中的renewable energy为同义替换，该句指出，在全球思想转变的时刻，华盛顿做什么一或 者不做什么一去推动可 替代能源，可能越来越不重要了。由此可以推断，华盛顿对可替代能源的态度并不积极，故答案为C。

Text 3

The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing- Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$ 13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.

Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May's enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.

Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them- -and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.

The product they're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.

Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.

31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.

[A]digital products

[B]user information

[C]physical assets

[D]quality service

32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.

[A]worsen political disputes

[B]mess up customer records

[C]pose a risk to Facebook users

[D]mislead the European commission

33.According to the author, competition law.

[A]should serve the new market powers

[B]may worsen the economic imbalance

[C]should not provide just one legal solution

[D]cannot keep pace with the changing market

34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.

[A]they are not defined as customers

[B]they are not financially reliable

[C]the services are generally digital

[D]the services are paid for by advertisers

35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.

[A]a win-win business model between digital giants

[B]a typical competition pattern among digital giants

[C]the benefits provided for digital giants’customers

[D]the relationship between digital giants and their users

【答案解析】

31、

[答案] [B]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 1、Facebook 和Whats App可以定位到第一段第 二句。该句介绍说“网络信使"提供给脸书的是其用户交友和社会生活的一个复杂而精细化的网络，可知脸书之所以要高价收购“网络信使”，是因为它拥有用户信息，故答案为B。

32、

[答案] [C]

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities可以定位到第二段首句。该句提到脸书本来承诺不会将电话号码与脸书身份信息绑定，但是在完成收购后就违背了承诺，而随后一句说明了这样做可能带来的后果，那就是人们可以从互通信息的两方的身份了解到诸多情况，可见如此做会让脸书的客户面临被泄密的风险，故答案为C。

33、

[答案] [D]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词competition law可以定位到第三段第一句，随后的第二句指出《竞争法》是有问题的，第三句则指出这项法律的一个问题就是发展太慢，无法跟上数字经济变革的脚步，D选项是对这句话的同义转述，故答案为D。

34、

[答案] [A]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词presently interpreted和Facebook users可以定位到第三段第六句前半部分和第七句。定位句指出按照目前的解读方式，《竞争法》是处理对客户造成的经济损失的，而由于目前这些服务的用户没有付费，因此他们不能被定义为客户，既然不是客户，就不能依照这项法律而受到相应的保护，可见他们不能受此法律保护的原因主要是他们不能算作是客户，故答案为A。

35、

[答案] [D]

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干关键词ants analogy可以定位到最后一段中间两句。定位句指出，蚂蚁养殖蚜虫是为了得到它们在觅食时产生的蜜汁，所以谷歌为了得到我们数字生活产生的数据也在养殖我们。蚂蚁在蚜虫觅食的时候，保护蚜虫不受掠食性昆虫的滋扰，就如谷歌保护我们的邮箱不接收垃圾邮件一样。而此处的“我们”，根据本段第一句可知， 就是指这些数字巨头的用户，可见蚂蚁与蚜虫的比喻是为了说明数字巨头与其用户间的关系，故答案为D。

Text4

To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of“deep work"- the ability to focus without distraction.

There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a“journalistic" approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.

Newport also recommends“deep scheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time."At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor' s appointment or important meeting", he writes.

Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day- in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.

While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.

In order to make the most of our focus and energy. we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests,“be lazy."

“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body..[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done," he argues.

Srini Pllay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.

“What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and un focus circuits in their brain". says Pillay.

36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to

[A] keep to your focus time

[B]list your immediate tasks

[C]make specific daily plans

[D]seize every minute to work

37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that

[A] distractions may actually increase efficiency

[B]daily schedules are indispensable to studying

[C]students are hardly motivated by monthly goals

[D]detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected

38. According to Newport, idleness is,

[A] a desirable mental state for busy people

[B]a major contributor to physical health

[C]an effective way to save time and energy

[D]an essential factor in accomplishing any work

39. Pillay believes that our brains' shift between being focused and unfocused

[A] can result in psychological well-being

[B]can bring about greater efficiency

[C]is aimed at better balance in work

[D]is driven by task urgency

40. This text is mainly about

[A] ways to relieve the tension of busy life

[B]approaches to getting more done in less time

[C]the key to eliminating distractions

[D]the cause of the lack of focus time

【答案解析】

36、

[答案] [A]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词mastering the art of deep work和key可以分别定位到第二段第一句和第二句。第一句指出掌握深度工作的技巧有多种方法，并进行了举例说明，而第二句总结上句，指出所有方法的共同之处，也是关键所在，那就是确定并保持自己的专注时间，故答案为A。

37、

[答案] [D]

[解析]实施细节题。根据题干关键词The study in the early 1980s和shows可以定位到第四段，但是该段并没有介绍这项研究的发现和启示，而是到了第五段才进行介绍。第五段第一句讲到，研究人员预想的是越是细节化的计划会越有效，但是他们的想法被证实是错误的，更为详尽的每日计划却令学生失去了动力。可见研究的发现就是细节化的计划并没有预想的有效，故答案为D。

38、

[答案] [D]

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干关键词Newport和idleness可以定位到第七段。该段后半句提到，貌似自相矛盾，但(闲散)却是完成任何工作所必需的，选项D中的an essential factor in accomplishing any work就是对定位句中的necessary to getting any work done的同义转述，故答案为D。

39、

[答案] [B]

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干关键词Pillay和shift between being focused and unfocused可以定位到第八段最后一句。该句指出，完成任务过程中，当我们的大脑在专注与分神两种状态间切换的时候，往往效率更高，而B选项所说的bring about greater eficiency就是对原文定位句的同义转述，故答案为B。

40、

[答案] [B]

[解析]主旨大意题。根据题干关键词mainly about可知，该题是主旨大意题。文章开篇以一.本著作及其作者提出的“深度工作”概念引出话题，并在随后两段中介绍了掌握深度工作技巧的方法，指出这些方法能够让人们在短时间内做更多的事情，即提高效率;第四段和第五段讨论如何制定计划才能收到良好效果，而最后四段看似提出了所谓“偷偷懒”的新议题，但实际上目的也还是要讨论提高工作效率的方法，故答案为B。