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2021年考研英语一翻译真题及参考答案

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (I0 points)

WWII was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the 1970s and 1980s.

The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.

Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.

For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say，five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the_ new_ staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution- this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.

【答案解析】

46.二战结束后，这些西方社会有一定的高等教育水平，在战前几十年间，该水平大概保持在相对年龄群体的3%到5%。

47.在这些社会中兴起的接受高等教育的需求，扩展到了一些群体和社会阶层，这些群体和社会阶层在战前没想过上大学。

48.在西欧的许多国家，接受高等教育的学生数量在20世纪60年代的五年期内翻了一番，到20世纪70年代中期，该数量又在七年、八年或十年内翻了一番。

49.且当新员工主要是刚从研究生阶段毕业的年轻男女时，他们很大程度上决定了该院系的学术生活规范。

50.高增长率增加了学术创新的可能性，同样也弱化了形式和过程一在稳定或缓慢增长期，教师或学生通过这些形式和过程进入学者团体。