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2022年考研英语二阅读理解真题及参考答案

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $ 6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.

These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $ 8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they' re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture- -special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.

“I'm excited about our progress," says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver- based Nest Fresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers."

The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.

Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Penn6ylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).

The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.

Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet," says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing."

21. The climate-friendly eggs are produced

[A] at a considerably low cost

[B] at the demand of regular shoppers

[C] as a replacement for organic eggs

[D] on specially designed farms

22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in

[A] reducing the damage of worms

[B] accelerating the disposal of waste

[C] creating a sustainable system

[D] attracting customers to his products

23. The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggest

[A] the doubts over natural feeds

[B] the setbacks in the egg industry

[C] the potential of regenerative products

[D] the promotional success of supermarkets

24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people

[A] are reluctant to change their diet

[B] are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs

[C] are curious about new food

[D] are amazed at agriculture advances

25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products'

[A] market prospects

[B] standard definition

[C] nutritional value

[D] moral implication

【答案解析】

21.

[D] on specially designed farms

【解析】气候友好型鸡蛋出现于首段末尾，该段①句至③句描述得州一个养鸡场的场景,随后④句指出该场景“看起来散漫无序,实际上是刻意设计的结果”,并指出它是美国蛋品行业新趋势的缩影,末尾冒号后面点明这个新趋势即气候友好型鸡蛋。综上可推知,该段前三句描述的农场是一个专门生产气候友好型鸡蛋的农场,④句则暗示这类农场是专门设计的农场(it's by design),且由下文第二、三段可进一步得知这类农场运用了再生农业这一专项技术来生产气候友好型鸡蛋。因此[D]正确。

[D]中specially designed(专为某一目的设计的)对应首段④句的短语by design(本指“故意地;有计划地”",在文中与random相对,强调专门性、目的性)。

22.

[C] creating a sustainable system

【解析】由人名Larry Brown及其态度excited about...可定位到第三段。该段先指出布朗对自己农场的进步感到兴奋,随后具体阐述农场的进步之处:种植覆土作物招引蠕虫和蟋蟀给鸡吃,鸡粪又可以肥沃田地(反过来促进覆土作物的生长)。综上可推知,布朗想把农场建成一个对气候友好的可持续循环系统,并对其取得的进展感到兴奋，故[C]正确。

正确项[C]是对第三段①②句所描述的布朗农场生产模式的高度总结,关键词sustainable意为“(尤指发展、开采、农业)可持续性的”,对应文中的可持续循环模式。

23.

[C] the potential of regenerative products

【解析】例子位于第四段②句,对①句(该段主旨句)进行举例论证。①句指出蛋品行业对再生鸡蛋的市场推广是检验再生产品能否“出圈”的首个重要试金石,结合该段末句可知其言外之意:如果再生鸡蛋能成功打开大众市场,那么之后出现的其他再生产品也有可能打开大众市场(具有类似的市场潜力)。随后②句描述了有机鸡蛋在十多年内从小众走向大众的市场发展轨迹,③句则继续指出在有机鸡蛋之后出现的益生菌食品和植物肉也经历了同样的发展轨迹。综合可知,该段提及有机鸡蛋的市场发展轨迹是为了说明再生鸡蛋以及后续的其他再生产品很可能具有类似的市场潜力,故[C]正确。

正确项[C]是对第四段行文逻辑及相关信息的合理推断，其中potential一词在本文语境中指产品的市场潜力，即成功打开大众市场的潜在可能性，是对有机鸡蛋过往发展轨迹( went from... to...)以及再生产品类似发展趋势(If... rollout is successful) 的高度总结。

24.

[B] are likely to buy climate friendly eggs

【解析】末段①句指出蛋品行业的看法:花更多钱购买“自由故养”“非转基因”等产品的消费者同样会乐意购买“可持续性”产品(指气候友好型鸡蛋)。随后②句阐述上述看法的依据:调查显示年轻人更关心气候变化,这是植物肉取得市场成功的部分原因。③④句引用一家蛋品生产商的总裁的言论进一步强化②句的信息。综上可推知年轻人更关心气候变化,很可能会购买气候友好型产品,[B]正确。

题干中的young people不仅直接对应②③④句的younger generations. Young adults、They,实际上也指向①句中蛋品行业所押注的那类消费者(the same consumers paying...),而正确项[B]既能直接对应②③句中年轻人的特点(are more concerned about climate change really care about the planet),也能问接照应①句中那类消费者的购买意愿(will embrace sustainability)。

25.

[A] market prospects

【解析】约翰.布伦克尔和朱莉●斯坦顿分别出自末段和第五段。由第五段可知,朱莉.斯坦顿是一位学者.她对再生产品抱有怀疑态度,认为再生产品可能很难被市场接受(其市场前景可能并不好),而且再生农业对再生产品的改良作用也微乎其微。由末段可知,约翰●布伦克尔是Egg Innovations公司的总裁(暗示其代表的是蛋品生产商),而且他的言论(“年轻人很关心地球,他们正在改变食品供应链”，暗示年轻人更乐意购买环境友好型食品)与末段首句蛋品行业的看法(“那些为散养、非转因等食品标签买单的消费者也会更乐意为可持续性买单”)本质上是一致的,均强调再生鸡蛋的市场前景:会吸引那些具有气候/环境意识的消费者。综上可知,二人对再生产品的市场前景持不同态度,[A]正确。

正确项[A]可以涵盖斯坦顿对再生产品市场前景的描述(第五段的could be a hard sell)以及布伦克尔/蛋品行业对再生鸡蛋市场前景的描述(末段的the same consumers. .. will embrace sustainability、shoppers wanting to. .. protect the environment. really care about the planet)。

Text 2

More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.

One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.

Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees" - those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring- -said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.

Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of“unretiree" respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.

“The concept of retirement is evolving," said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."

One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 32% from the prior year, according to the US. Census Bureau. That's also up 302% since 2010. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the US. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.

Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10“unretirees" are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.

Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.

“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “It's not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire"

26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that

[A] over half of the retirees are physically ft for work

[B] the old workforce is as active as the younger one

[C] one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement

[D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement

27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that

[A] retirement may cause problems for them

[B] boredom can be relieved after retirement

[C] the mental health of retirees is overlooked

[D]“unretirement contributes to the economy

28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to

[A] labor shortage

[B] population growth

[C] longer life expectancy

[D] rising living costs

29. Many “unretirees" are increasing their savings by

[A] investing more in stocks

[B] taking up odd jobs

[C] getting well-paid work

[D] spending less

30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are

[A] unprepared

[B] unafraid

[C] disappointed

[D] enthusiastic

【答案解析】

26.

[D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement

【解析】根据survey conducted by Harris Poll 定位至第二段。该段介绍两项调查结果(...according to a survey... the survey showed) :①句指出,三分之一的美国人已经或计划在退休后继续工作;②句指出,其中有超过一半的人表示即便有足够的钱安度晚年,也愿意退休后继续工作。文中引用该调查是为说明首段提出的一种趋势“越来越多的美国人愿意退休后继续工作”,可知[D]正确。

 [D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement 既是对两项调查结果One in three Americans. .. have or plan to have a job in retirement、more than half. .. would be employed in their later years的概括总结,也是对调查所阐述的现象,即全文开篇句More Americans are opting to work well into retirement 的同义转述。

27.

[A] retirement may cause problems for them

【解析】根据题干定位至第三段。该段①②句指出美国人不退休的两个原因“财务需求”和“个人满足感/情感需求”,③句援引受访者的看法具体说明:有人不退休是为了心理健康,有人是为了生计。可见,美国人认为不退休可以避免财务或健康问题,换言之即退休可能会引发这些问题,故[A]正确。[A]是对美国人的看法“不退休以避免财务或健康问题”的合理推断。

28.

[C] longer life expectancy

【解析】根据Retirement patterns定位至第五段首句。该句指出,退休模式逐渐转变的一个原因是美国人的寿命越来越长。可见[C]正确。题干+[C]是对第五段首句的同义转述,其中partly due to... 对应One reason.... longer life expectancy 对应are living longer.

29.

[D] spending less

【解析】根据in creasing their savings定位至第六段②句,该句指出,许多“不退休者”都在增加储蓄,③句进一步指出,这些人最常用的增加储蓄的方法包括减少总体开支(doing this 回指increasing their savings) ，可见[D]正确。

 [D] spending less 是对第六段③句reducing their overall expenses的同义转述。干扰项均利用常识“购买股票、打零工、从事高薪工作(可能)增加收人,进而可增加储蓄”干扰,但文中并未提及。

30.

[A] unprepared

【解析】根据Brent Weiss 定位至第七、八段。第七段中,韦斯指出,许多人因担心晚年生计而被迫选择不退休,但他们实际应该在退休前咨询财务顾问,设定长期的财务目标。可见在韦斯眼中,对于退休,许多人尚未做好财务准备。第八段中,韦斯继续指出,退休还是一个情感决定,许多人认为自己不能退休，即尚未做好退休的情感准备。[A]概括了许多人面对退休时的状态,正确。题干+[A]是对韦斯话语的合理推断。

Text 3

We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns”is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to“roach motel,” where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept 0 f dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user intrface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding“digital deception.

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the Califormnia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that“ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights." The regulations aim to ban dark patterns- this means prohibiting companies from using u confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out."

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.

31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns

[A] improve user experiences

[B] leak user information for profit

[C] undermine users' decision- making

[D] remind users of hidden costs

32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show

[A] their major flaws

[B] their complex designs

[C] their severe damage

[D] their strong presence

33. To handle digital deception, businesses should

[A] listen to customer feedback

[B] talk with relevant teams

[C] turn to independent agencies

[D] rely on professional training

34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to

[A] guide users through opt-out processes

[B] protect consumers from being tricked

[C] grant companies data privacy rights

[D] restrict access to problematic content

35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is

[A] new legal requirements

[B] businesses' self-discipline

[C] strict regulatory standards

[D] consumers' safety awareness

【答案解析】

31.

[C] undermine users' decision- making

【解析】题干已给出明确定位(前两段),首段列举黑暗模式的例子,并指出它们损害消费者的选择权,第二段①句进一步指出,黑暗模式实指操纵用户界面以影响用户决策能力的做法。综合可知，黑暗模式损害用户的决策,[C]正确。 [C]对应首段末句impair consumer choice. 第二段①句influence the decision- making ability of users(influence 呼应impair,实指“产生负面影响”)。

32.

[D] their strong presence

【解析】根据题干关键词The 2019 study定位到第三段。该段①句引用2019年针对黑暗模式展开的一项涵盖5.3万个产品页面和1.1万个网站的研究,说明该项研究的发现“大约有十分之一的页面或网站运用了黑暗设计手法”,②句明确问题“黑暗模式广泛存在,却仍未被充分了解”,③句针对该问题提议各大组织领导了解并避免运用黑暗模式。可见,文中借该项研究说明黑暗模式的现状或问题“大量运用”,进而引出相关建议,[D]正确。

“题干+[D]”是对第三段①②句的正确推导,strong presence不仅概括①句53,000 product pages and 11 ,000 websites. .. one in 10 employs these design practices,而且契合②句widely prevalent。

33.

[B] talk with relevant teams

【解析】根据题干关键词digital deception定位到第四段,该段②③句就企业应对黑暗模式的具体措施提出建议:企业应与IT.合规、风险及法律团队进行对话,并让设计及销售相关人员参与讨论;所有这些团队都对“数字欺诈”有着重要影响。可见,作者建议企业通过与相关团队谈话来应对数字欺诈,[B]正确。

"题干+[B]”是对第四段②③句的正确概括,talk同义复现engage in conversations,relevant teams概括IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams。

34.

[B] protect consumers from being tricked

【解析】根据题干关键词The additional regulations. CCPA定位到第五段。该段②③句指出CCPA补充规定的目的在于确保消费者在寻求行使数据隐私权时不会被迷惑或误导,严禁企业使用黑暗模式欺骗用户,[B]正确。

“题干+[B]"是对第五段②③句的概括, protect consumers from being tricked概括ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled、ban dark patterns. .. prohibiting companies from... 。

35.

[B] businesses' self- discipline

【解析】题干已给出明确定位(末段),末段①句总体呼吁商界内部增强责任感,②句具体指出，黑暗模式也可以在各商业机构(企业)自我监管的基础上得以解决,随后进一步阐明如何进行自我监管。可见,企业的自我监管/约束是应对黑暗模式的一个关键,[B]正确。“题干+ [B]”是对末段核心内容的同义改写,business、self- discipline分别对应business community/ organizations ,accountability from within/ self- regulatory。

Text 4

Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.

The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons， according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students' attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 1 l-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead.

Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester- -nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.

Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent- and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks.

Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent. “That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention," Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of PennsyIvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge:“Easy come, easy go."

Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence- classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants' eating habits and students' video exposure. Meanwhile, Schwitzgebel- who had predicted no effect- -will be eating his words.

36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are

[A] hard to determine

[B] narrowly interpreted

[C] difficult to ignore

[D] poorly summarized

37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?

[A] It is common among students.

[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.

[C] It is important to students' health.

[D] It is a hot topic in ethics classes.

38. Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that ethics professors

[A] are seldom critical of their students

[B] are less sociable than other professors

[C] are not sensitive to political issues

[D] are not necessarily ethically better

39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is

[A] permanent

[B] predictable

[C] uncertain

[D] unrepeatable

40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students' change in behavior

[A] can bring psychological benefits

[B] can be analyzed statistically

[C] is a result of multiple factors .

[D] is a sign of self-development

【答案解析】

36.

[A] hard to determine

【解析】根据题干关键词Scientists .the efects .ethics classes定位至文首句。该句指出,科学家们拿不准道德课是否真能改变人们的行为,因为证据不足,即依赖的仅仅是人为的测试或是不可靠的自陈报告。换言之,科学家们普遍认为道德课(对人们的行为)的影响难以确定.故[A]正确。

题干+正确项是对文首句的同义改写:题干中the effects of ethics classes 是对句中their lessons can actually change behavior的概述;正确项中hard to determine(注:determine意为to discover it as a result of investigation"确定;查明”)则是对句中unsure的同义改写。

37.

[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.

【解析】由题干中a reason for the researchers to study meat eating 定位至第二段②句。该句介绍了研究人员选择研究吃肉行为的三个原因:1.学生对吃肉的态度多变且易变;2.吃肉行为易于衡量;3.道德文献基本一致认为少吃肉有益。[B]符合原因二,故正确。 [B]中a behavior easy to measure同义改写原因二中的behavior is easily measurable.

38.

[D] are not necessarily ethically better

【解析】根据Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings 、ethics professors 定位至第三段①句。该句首先指出施维茨格贝尔对此次研究的预测:肉食伦理课不会影响学生的吃肉行为;进而说明他做出这种预测的原因:此前(即在开展本次研究之前)的研究发现伦理学教授在投票率、献血以及归还图书馆藏书等诸多行为上跟其他学科的教授并无差异。可见,两者之间的逻辑是“研究道德伦理并不会改变行为,所以由此推测此次研究的结果为‘零相关’”,换言之,施维茨格贝尔之前发现伦理学教授并没有因其在道德伦理方面的高素养而在投票率、献血.归还图书馆藏书等诸多行为上表现得比其他学科的教授更好,也即伦理学教授的道德水平未必更高,故[D]正确。[D]是对ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors 深层语义的合理推断。

39.

[C]uncertain

【解析】由Nina Strohminger定位至第四段②③句。两句共同指出尼娜对这种干预的影响的看法:希望是真实的,但不能排除未知的混杂因素的影响;而且即便是真实的,也很容易受外界微小因素的影响,来得快去得也快。可见，她认为这种影响是不确定的,故[C]正确,同时可排除[A]。 [C]中uncertain是对两句中cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable 、might be reversible的合理概括。

40.

[C] is a result of multiple factors

【解析】由Eric Schwitzgebel suspects 定位至末段。前三句指出施维茨格贝尔对学生行为改变(即购买肉餐比率下降)的原因分析,依据重要程度,它们分别是:社交影响(讨论中引导者的作用)、视频的情绪感染、理性的讨论。由此可见，他认为学生行为改变是多方面因素共同作用的结果,故[C]正确。 [C]合理概括the greatest impact came from、Second... impact以及Least rousing。