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2010年考研英语一阅读真题及参考答案

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2010年考研英语一阅读真题及参考答案


Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (40 points)

Text1

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-centur, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant ollctions of criticism published in the 20 century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20h century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an omnament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bemard Shaw and Emest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a alling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in jourmalism," Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define joumnalism' as‘a tern of contempt applied by writers who arc not read to writers who are' ."

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.

During his lifctimne, though, he was also onc of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to spccialists.

Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Jourmalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmoderm readers have ltte use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prosc in which he spccialized. Morcover, the amatcur tradition in music criticism has bccn in headlong rctrcat.


21. It is indicated in Parngraphs 1 and 2 that

[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.

[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.

[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.

[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.


22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by

[A] free themes.

[B] casual style.

[C] elaborate layout.

[D] radical viewpoints.


23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

[A] It is writers' duty to fulfll joumalistic goals.

[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into jouralism.

[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.


24. What can be learmed about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?

[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.

[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.

[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.

[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.


25. What would be the best title for the text?

[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days

[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers

[C] Mournful Decline of Joumnalism

[D] Prominent Critics in Memory


Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its“one -click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have becn controvcrsial ever since they wcre first authorized 10 ycars ago. In a move that has itellctual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is“a very big deal," says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “"has the potential to climinatc an cntirc class of patcnts." Curbs on business -method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund asscts. That ruling produccd an cxplosion in busincss -mcthod patcnt filings, itilly by emerging Intemnet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had becn isucd more than 300 busincss-mcthod patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issuse it wants to evaluate is whether it should“reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling.

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are“reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court," says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attormey and professor at George Washington University Law School.


26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

[A] their limited value to businesses.

[B] their connection with asset allocation.

[C] the possible restriction on their granting.

[D] the controversy over their authorization.


27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?

[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.

[B] It involves a very big business transaction.

[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.

[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.


28. The word“about-face" (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means

[A] loss of goodwill.

[B] increase of hostility.

[C] change of atitude.

[D] enhancement of dignity.


29. We learm from the last two paragraphs that business -method patents

[A] are immune to legal challenges.

[B] are often uncessarily issued.

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.

[D] increase the incidence of risks.


30. Which of the fllowing would be the subjeet of the text?

[A]A looming threat to business- method patents.

[B]Protection for business -method patent holders.

[C]A legal case regarding buinss-mnethod patents.

[D]A prevailing trend against business method patents.


Text 3

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that“social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connccted. The idea is intuitivcly compelling. but it docsn't cexplain how ideas actually sprcad.

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the“two-step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey - whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence - even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two- step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay atention to each of these people has lttle to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called“global cascades" - the widespread propagation of influence through networks- is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.


31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to

[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.

[B] discuss influentials' fiunction in spreading ideas.

[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics.

[D] describe the essential characteristics of infuentials.


32. The author suggests that the“two-step-flow theory"

[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.

[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.

[C] has won support from infuentials.

[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.


33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that

[A] the power of influcncc gocs with social intcractions.

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public.

[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media atention.


34. The underlined phrase“these people" in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who

[A] stay outside the network of social infuence.

[B] have lttle contact with the source of influence.

[C] are influenced and then infuence others.

[D] are infuenced by the initial influential.


35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A] The cagerness to be accpted.

[B] The impulse to influence others.

[C] The readiness to be influenced.

[D] The inclination to rely on others.


Text4

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have foreed them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks cary toxic asscts at priccs that atract buyers, reviving the banking system will be dificult.

After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value iliquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losscs on long-tcrm asscts in their incomc statcmcnts. Bob Hcrz, the FASB's chairman, cricd out against those who“question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls“the use of judgment by management."

European ministcrs instantly dcmandcd that the Intcmational Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its rcconstruction of rulcs latcr this ycar is strong. Charlic McCreevy, a Europcan commissioncr, warncd the IASB that it did“not live in a political vacuum" but“*in the real world" and that Europe could yet develop diferent rules.

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that markct priccs overstatc losscs, bccausce they largcly rflcct the temporary iliquidity of markets, not the likcly extcnt of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks' shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly rflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losscs, yet arc rcluctant to buy all those supposcd bargains.

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require indepcndent and evcn combative sandard-ettrs. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, clcaning up rulcs on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.


36. Bankers complained that they were forced to

[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.

[B] collect payments from third parties.

[C] cooperate with the price managers.

[D] reevaluate some of their assets.


37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in

[A] the diminishing role of management.

[B] the revival of the banking system.

[C] the banks' long- term asset losses.

[D] the weakening of its independence.


38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to

[A] keep away from political influences.

[B] evade the pressure from their peers.

[C] act on their own in rulsetting.

[D] take gradual measures in reform.


39. The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet" in that they

[A] misinterpreted market price indicators.

[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.

[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.

[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.


40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of

[A] satisfaction.

[B] skepticism.

[C] objectiveness.

[D] sympathy.


Part B

Directions:

For questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hormes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.

Meanwhile, as the rcession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.

[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a sandisill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and cxpansion abroad. But almost all havc ignorcd the big, profitablc opportunity in thcir own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.

[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The fiunctioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and intermnational consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abiities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamniliar business models are needed too.

[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined - France, Germany, Italy, and Spain - are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 bllin in France, Gernany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000 - more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

41.B    42. F    43. D    44.G    45.A    



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