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安徽师范大学2020年考研真题：211翻译硕士英语

考试科目：211翻译硕士英语

适用专业：055100翻译[专业学位]

Section I: (30%)

Directions: Choose the answers that best complete the sentences. Write down your answers on your answer sheet.

Questions 1-30

1. Older people tend to be quite（  ）and a bit suspicious of any supposed advances.

A. reserved

B. conservative

C. restrained

D. restricted

2. Theories（  ）about how human beings originated and Darwinism is just one of them.

A. teem

B. abound

C. bustle

D. swarm

3. Researchers at universities are always（  ）their lack of funds.

A. lamenting

B. rejoicing

C. bemoaning

D. beseeching

4. He gained（  ）as chief counsel to President Nixon in the Watergate break-in.

A. notoriety

B. celebrity

C. renown

D. reputation

5. Fighting around the capital city was（  ）in the last few hours.

A. magnified

B. multiplied

C. amplified .

D. intensified

6. It is fortunate that elephants are（  ）or else there could not be enough food for them.

A. carnivores

B. herbivores

C. omnivores

D. carrion animals

7. I had this sudden（  ）to shout out “Rubbish!" in the middle of his lengthy and empty speech.

A. instinct

B. intuition

C. impulse

D. faculty

8. Fear . （  ）him as he stepped onto the platform.

A. engulfed

B. submerged

C. inundated

D. immersed

9. Finally Jane decided to（  ）her rent until the landlord agreed to have the repairs done.

A. deprive

B. withhold

C. deprave

D. withdraw

10. Do we really want a society where appearance takes（  ）over skill or virtue?

A. priority

B. preference

C. precedence

D. alternative

11. For a moment, Arnold felt a(n). （  ）of remorse for having broken his mother's heart.

A. anguish

B. agony

C. twinge

D. torment

12. He. （  ）in agony for a long time, and then died, bewailing his lost youth.

A. prolonged

B. insisted

C. rested

D. lingered

13. They made detailed investigation to, （  ）themselves with the needs of the rural market.

A. immerse

B. flirt

C. acquaint

D. equip

14. After retirement my father（  ）enormous pleasure from his coin collection.

A. figured

B. derived

C. originated

D. stretched

15. Matches（  ）when rubbed because friction produces heat.

A. illuminate

B. ignite

C. burn

D. flush

16. The car tires（  ）on the road as it turned too fast.

A. lurched

B. shuffled

C. screeched

D. scuffled

17. Do we really want a society where appearance takes，（  ）over skill or virtue?

A. priority

B. preference

C. precedence

D. alternative

18. Several circumstances. （  ）to bring about the present state of affairs.

A. conferred

B. concurred

C. rendered

D. reverted

19. These young girls are much（  ）with the fear of gaining weight.

A. engrossed

B. occupied

C. obsessed

D. absorbed

20. As Joan. （  ）over her coffee, the sky began to darken and heavy rain clouds swept in.

A. lingered

B. dawdled

C. loitered

D. strolled

21. I felt it would only be a matter of time before he（  ）to her charms.

A. succumbed

B. addicted

C. sank

D. attached

22. Scientists are now on the（  ）of a better understanding of how the human brain works.

A. course

B. front

C. spectacle

D. threshold

23. You have made a （  ）mistake, which may never perhaps be put right.

A. scathing

B. grievous

C. heinous

D. grim

24. Thunderstorms roamed much of the East（  ）tornadoes and floods.

A. squandering

B. spawning

C. squashing

D. squawking

25. In recent years, increasing numbers of women have been able to（  ）such previously all-male

professions.

A. penetrate

B. protect

C. defend

D. dispute

26. The armed forces had been taken by surprise by the （  ）of the attack.

A. felicity

B. adversity

C. ferocity

D. obesity

27. The room was （  ）, nearly barren of furniture or decoration.

A. meager

B. austere

C. sullen

D. idyllic

28. The Spring Festival was barely over when there was a mass（  ）of peasants from poverty-stricken areas into large cities looking for jobs.

A. migration

B. emigration

C. immigration

D. exodus

29. Her long hair fell over her shoulders in a（  ）of curls.

A. catastrophe

B. cascade

C. cataclysm

D. canvas

30. Because of the strong sun the curtain have（  ）from dark green to grey.

A. Paled

B. faded

C. fainted

D. bleached

Section II: (10%)

Directions: Each of the following questions or groups of questions is based on a short passage or a set of propositions. In answering these questions it may sometimes be helpful to draw a simple picture or chart.

When you have selected the best answer to each question, write down the letter on your answer sheet

Questions 1-5

Paul, Quincy, Roger, and Sam are married to Tess, Ursula, Valerie, and Wilma, not necessarily in that order. Roger's wife is older than Ursula. Sam's wife is older than Wilma, who is Paul's sister. Tess is the youngest of the wives. Roger was the best man at Wilma's wedding.

1. If Quincy and his wife have a boy named Patrick, then

A. Tess will be Patrick's aunt.

B. Valerie will be Patrick's aunt.

C. Paul will be Patrick's cousin.

D. Ursula will be Patrick's mother.

E. none of the above.

2. Which of the following is true?

A. Roger's wife is younger than Valerie.

B. Roger's wife is younger than Wilma.

C. Paul's wife is younger than Ursula.

D. Sam's wife is older than Valerie.

E. Quincy's wife is older than Ursula.

3. If each husband is exactly two years older than his wife, which of the following must be false?

A. Roger is older than Ursula.

B. Tess is younger than anyone.

C. Paul is younger than Sam.

D. Quincy is younger than Paul.

E. Valerie is younger than Paul.

4. If the wives were - from youngest to oldest - 28, 30, 32, and 34 years old; and Paul, Quincy, Roger, and Sam were respectively 27, 29, 31, and 33 years old, which of the following must be false?

A. Tess is older than her husband.

B. Valerie is older than her husband.

C. Ursula is younger than Valerie's husband.

D. Wilma is younger than Ursula's husband.

E. Tess is younger than Wilma's husband.

5. If Tess and Valerie get divorced from their current husbands and marry each other's former husband,then

A. Sam's wife will be younger than Paul's wife.

B. Sam's wife will be younger than Roger's wife.

C. Roger's wife will be older than Quincy's wife.

D. Roger's wife will be older than Paul's wife.

E. Paul's wife will be younger than Quincy's wife.

Questions 6-10

Six persons, J, K, L, M, N, and O, runs a series of races with the following results.

O never finishes first or last.

L never finishes immediately behind either J or K.

L always finishes immediately ahead of M.

6. Which of the following, given in order from first to last, is an acceptable finishing sequence of the runners?

A. J,L,M, 0, N, K

B. L,O,J,K,M,N

C. L,M,J,K, N, 0

D. L,M,J, K, O, N

E. N, K, L,M, O,J

7. If, in an acceptable finishing sequence, J and K finish first and fifth respectively, which of the following must be true?

A. L finishes second.

B.O finishes third.

C. M finishes third.

D. N finishes third.

E. N finishes sixth.

8. If, in an acceptable finishing sequence, L finishes second, which of the following must be true?

I.O must finish fourth.

II. N must finish fifth.

III. Either J or K must finish sixth.

A. I only

B. II only .

C. III only

D. I and III only.

E. I, II, and III

9. All of the following finishing sequences, given in order from 1 to 6, are acceptable EXCEPT

A. J,N,L,M,O,K

B. J,N,O,L,M,K

C. L,M,J,K, O, N

D. N,J,L, M,O,K

E. N,K,O,L,M,J

10. Only one acceptable finishing sequence is possible under which of the following conditions?

I. Whenever J and K finish second and third respectively.

II. Whenever J and K finish third and fourth respectively.

III. Whenever J and K finish fourth and fifth respectively.

A. I Only

B. II only

C. III only

D. I and II only

E. I,II and III

Section III: (30%)

Directions: Read the following passages and answer questions on your answer sheet.

Oil Interests behind Balkans Unrest

It is becoming clear that the involvement of the major Western powers in the conflicts in the Balkans is driven by a thirst for more and more oil. This is made evident by the ongoing construction of a major ‘trans- Balkan' pipeline from Burgas in Bulgaria, on the Black Sea, through Macedonia to the Adriatic port of Vlore in Albania. It is being built by the US-owned Albania-Macedonia-Bulgaria Company (AMBO), and is scheduled to be operational in about ten years.

The pipeline passes through what is known as Corridor 8, passing very near the borders of Macedonia, Kosovo and the Presevo Valley in Yugoslavia. Furthermore, it is to be connected to another series of pipelines dating back to the Soviet era. A major one of these will pass down the Presevo Valley -known as Corridor 10 -- and connect up with the AMBO pipeline.

This network of pipelines is not only designed to transport petroleum to sea ports for shipping abroad, but also extends into the heart of Europe. Two branches of the AMBO line jut into Greece - one to Thessalonika , and the other to a terminal on the west coast. All of this has to do with the enormously rich petroleum fields of the Caspian Sea basin. In order to get that oil to market, one of the best routes involves piping it to the Black Sea, shipping it in tankers across the sea, and then piping it once more across the Balkans to the Adriatic Sea. This route bypasses the treacherous and narrow Bosporus Straits near Istanbul.

Turkey claims that the straits could not safely accommodate the heavy tanker traffic from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. By restricting this route, Turkey is also limiting Russian oil transport through the straits and boosting its own interest in the construction of a pipeline from Baku on the Caspian Sea to the Turkish oil terminal at Ceyhan.

The transport of oil through the Balkans is not the only consideration for the giant oil cartels. They are also pursuing the development of rich petroleum fields in various parts of the Balkans region itself, especially in Albania. Journalist Richard Norton-Taylor, writing in The Guardian, put it this way: “While the US and NATO - and now the European Union (EU) - hold out the prospect of untold wealth for the Caucasian states of the former Soviet Union, the West will also have an important economic stake in Albania and Macedonia. The implications for Kosovo, a Serbian provicne with an overwhelming ethinic Albanian population keen on antonomy and control of the local oil wealth, and for Macedonia, with armed groups of Albanians from Kosovo stirring up trouble, are potentially immense." General Michael Jackson, who eventually took over command of KFOR in Kosovo, when speaking of Macedonia, said, “NATO will certainly remain here a long time so that we can also guarantee the security of the energy corridors which traverse this country."

The EU, with Germany leading the way, since the early 1990s has been projecting several corridors not only to supply energy to the West but also to provide a vast complex of communications - highways, railways, airports, maritime ports and river traffic critical to the regional economy and corporate profits.

These plans have created a number of substantial rivalries between the US and the EU, with the US balking at several of the pipeline and communication corridor plans that would carry oil from the Caspian Sea and Russia (including through Ukraine) into Western Europe, independent of US oil cartels. Another pipeline, competing with the AMBO corridor, would carry crude oil from Russia to Greece via Bulgaria. Hundreds of billions of dollars are at stake. This competition has been reflected in recent years in discordant strategies for Kosovo, Bosnia and Macedonia. However, it appears that the AMBO pipeline, with its connection to the Corridor 10 pipeline, will give the US control over a considerable amount of the oil coming into Europe from the Caspian basin.

Questions 11-16

In blanks 11-15 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

11. The purpose of the AMBO pipeline is to reduce the West's dependence on Middle East oil. .

12. The Western powers are united in their plans to transport oil via the Balkans.

13. Turkey intends to facilitate the passage of oil tankers through the Bosporus Straits.

14. The West hopes to tap oil sources in the Balkans as well as in the Caucasus.

15. The EU's strategy is to expand its membership to include the Balkan nations.

16. The AMBO pipeline is not the first one to be built in the Balkans.

Questions 17-19

Choose the appropriate letter A-D, and write your answers in blanks 17-19 on your answer sheet.

17. What is an energy corridor?

A. A long, narrow room used as a health club.

B. The Bosporus Straits.

C. An oil pipeline route.

D. A valley in the Balkans.

18. The West could find its economic stake in the Balkans threatened by

A. Albanians.

B. the United Nations.

C. Russia.

D. General Michael Jackson.

19. The US balked at certain plans for transporting oil to Western Europe because

A. they would make the AMBO pipeline superfluous.

B. they would not carry the oil to the US.

C. they would not extend into the heart of Europe.

D. they would be outside the control of US oil companies.

In Search of the Holy Grail

It has been called the Holy Grail of modern biology. Costing more than f2 billion, it is the most

ambitious scientific project since the Apollo programme that landed a man on the moon. And it will take longer to accomplish than the lunar missions, for it will bot be complete until early next century. Even before it is finished, according to those involved, this project should open up new understanding of, and new treatments for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity. As a result of the Human Genome Project, there will be new hope of liberation from the shadows of cancer, heart disease, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and some psychiatric illnesses.

The objective of the Human Genome Project is simple to state, but audacious in scope: to map and analyze every single gene within the double helix of humanity's DNA. The project will reveal a new human anatomy-not the bones, muscles and sinews, but the complete genetic blueprint for a human being. Those working on the Human Genome Project claim that the new genetical anatomy will transform medicine and reduce human suffering in the twenty first century. But others see the future through a darker glass, and fear that the project may open the door to a world peopled by Frankenstein's monsters and disfigured by a new eugenics.

The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes much of its later development, determining characteristics as varied as whether it will have blue eyes or suffer from a life- threatening illness such as cystic fibrosis. The human genome is the compendium of all these inherited genetic instructions. Written out along the double helix of DNA are the chemical letters of the genetic text.

It is an extremely long text, for the human genome contains more than 3 billions letters. On the printed page it would fill about 7,000 volumes. Yet, within little more than a decade, the position of every letter and its relation to its neighbours will have been tracked down, analyzed and recorded.

Considering how many letters there are in the human genome, nature is an excellent proof-reader. But sometimes there are mistakes. An error in a single‘word' - a gene - can give rise to the crippling condition of cystic fibrosis, the commonest genetic disorder among Caucasians. Errors in the genetic recipe for haemoglobin, the protein that gives blood its characteristic red colour and which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, give rise to the most common single-gene disorder in the world: thalassaemia. More than 4,000 such single-gene defects are known to afflict humanity. The majority of them are fatal; the majority of the victims are children.

None of the single-gene disorders is a disease in the conventional sense, for which it would be possible to administer a curative drug: the defect is pre-programmed into every cell of the sufferer's body.

But there is hope of progress. In 1986, American researchers identified the genetic defect underlying one type of muscular dystrophy. In 1989, a team of American and Canadian biologists announced that they had found the site of the gene which, when defective, gives rise to cystic fibrosis. Indeed, not only had they located the gene, they had analyzed the sequence of letters within it and had identified the mistake responsible for the condition. At the least, these scientific advances may offer a way of screening parents who might be at risk of transmitting a single-gene defect to any children that they conceive. Foetuses can be texted while in the womb, and if found free of the genetic defect, the parents will be relieved of worry and stress, knowing that they will be delivered of a baby free from the disorder.

In the mid-1980s, the idea gained currency within the scientific world that the techniques which were successfully deciphering disorder-related genes could be applied to a larger project: if science can learn the genetic spelling of cystic fibrosis, why not attempt to find out how to spell “human'? Momentum quickly built up behind the Human Genome Project and its objective of‘ sequencing' the entire genome – writing out all the letters in their correct order.

But the consequences of the Human Genome Project go far beyond a narrow focus on disease. Some of its supporters have made claims of great extravagance - that the Project will bring us to understand, at the most fundamental level, what it is to be human. Yet many people are concerned that such an emphasis on humanity's genetic constitution may distort our sense of values, and lead us to forget that human life is more than just the expression of a genetic program written in the chemistry of DNA.

If properly applied, the new knowledge generated by the Human Genome Project may free humanity from the terrible scourge of diverse diseases. But if the new knowledge is not used widely, it also holds the threat of creating new forms of discrimination and new methods of oppression. Many characteristics, such as height and intelligence, result not from the action of genes alone, but from subtle interactions between genes and the environment. What would be the implications if humanity were to understand, with precision, the genetic constitution which, given the same environment, will predispose one person towards a higher intelligence than another individual whose genes were differently shuffled?

Once before in this century, the relentless curiosity of scientific researchers brought to light forces of nature in the power of the atom, the mastery of which has shaped the destiny of nations and overshadowed all our lives. The Human Genome Project holds the promise that, ultimately, we may be able to alter our genetic inheritance if we so choose. But there is the central moral problem: how can we ensure that when we choose, we choose correctly? That such a potential is a promise and not a threat? We need only look at the past to understand the danger.

Questions 20-25

Complete the sentences below with words from the above Reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS or A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in blanks 20-25 on your answer sheet

20. The passage compares the Project in scale to the（20）

21. The possible completion date of the Project is（21）

22. To write out the human genome on paper would require（22）books.

23. A genetic problem cannot be treated with drugs because strictly speaking it is not a（23）

24. Research into genetic defects had its first success in the discovery of the cause of one form of（24）

25. The second success of research into genetic defects was to find the cause of（25）

Questions 26-33

Classify the following statements as representing

A. the writer's fears about the Human Genome Project

B. other people's fears about the Project reported by the writer

C. the writer's reporting of facts about the Project

D. the writer's reporting of the long-term hopes for the Project

Write the appropriate letters A-D in blanks 26-33 on your answer sheet.

26. The Project will provide a new understanding of major diseases.

27. All the components which make up DNA are to be recorded and studied.

28. Genetic monsters may be created.

29. The correct order and inter-relation of all genetic data in all DNA will be mapped.

30. Parents will no longer worry about giving birth to defective offspring.

31. Being "human' may be defined solely in terms of describable physical data.

32. People may be discriminated against in new ways.

33. From past experience humans may not use this new knowledge wisely.

No Prizes for Runner-ups

Fewer American workers will get pay rises in the next few months than at any time for the past 30 years. Instead, at one company in 20, wages have been declining, and at three-quarters pay is flat, according to a recent survey by the National Association for Business Economies NABE). Companies are therefore thinking harder about who they reward, and why.

Last year American companies slashed pay bills by simply sacking staff. They announced almost 2 million job cuts, compared with 614,000 in 2000, according to Challenger Gray & Christmas, a consultancy.

The pace of lay-offs seems to have slowed, despite a series of recent bankruptcies, including Enron, Kmart and, this week, Global Crossing: firms announced 161,6000 job cuts in December, compared with September's peak of 248,300.

Lay-offs carry costs: cash- strapped companies cannot afford bid redundancy payments; and repeated rounds of cuts wreak havoc with morale. To minimize the harm, "“measure twice, cut once”, like a careful tailor, advises Bill Coleman of Salary.com, a website that tracks employment news. Or send staff home when demand is slack, as did Hewlett- Packard, a computer giant, over Christmas.

But neither lay-offs nor mandatory time off can help for long with the basic problem: the need to live with slack demand and flat or falling prices. Only 7% of firms surveyed by the NABE had raised their prices in the previous three months. And the future looks similar: nearly a fifth of managers surveyed said they expected the prices they charged for their products to fall over the next three months.

The most obvious way to live with such pressure is to parc employment costs. Some firms have already frozen or even cut pay. Thus Airbus, whose employees were due for a 4% rise in January, has persuaded staff to accept a freeze, and replaced payments for overtime with extra time off.

Companies hate cutting basic pay. But lately, a few embattled businesses have done so. The Tribune newspaper group, America's second-largest, announced in November that it would cut salaries for 140 senior managers by 5% in 2002, and freeze the pay of other employees, because of the advertising slump.

At LTU, a German airline, staff agreed in November to give up their Christmas bonus and accept cuts of 5-10% in pay and a two-year freeze in the hope of keeping their jobs.

As companies draw up their pay budgets for 2002, they are being even tougher than they were in 2001.

A survey last October by William M. Mercer, a pay consultancy, found that 19% of companies had cut the pay increase they originally planned in their budgets. Steven Gross, head of Mercer's employee compensation practice in America, expects more to do so: in 1990, a year of recession, 1% of employers froze budgets, but that figure climbed to 9% in 1992, as the recession abated. Another survey of American employers, by Towers Perrin in December, found that one in four had decided to freeze the salaries of top managers, and one in seven the pay of other employees too.

But lay-offs and freezes don't make a pay policy. Alan Stewart, the new chief executive of the British arm of Thomas Cook, a travel agency, has already announced redundancies and pay cuts for 2002. Now, he is scrutinizing the benefits package, to make sure that staff know its true cost and to let them choose how far they prefer, say, pensions to current pay. He also wants to spread the message that career progression will not mean earning more each year in the same job, but doing different things in the organization. In a flat operating structure, it may be hard for people to increase their basic pay. Instead, Mr. Stewart talks of rewarding people by enhancing their employability, and he accepts the likely consequence: “We don't mind if good people come in for a couple of years and then leave. In a few more years, we may have a real slot for them."

Ranking the Rand-and-File Other executives are concentrating on identifying and rewarding their most valuable staff. Marriott, a hotel group, recently redrew its bonus plan. As a result, fewer people win rewards as top performers, but those who do get more, says Karl Fischer, who runs the compensation unit.

In the coming year, he will increase Mriott's merit budget by 3%, down (like the industries at large) from 4% last year, but the best staff will receive up to 6%.

Polices such as these have grown easier since the last downturm, because of the spread of variable pay.

Almost all American companies now include some form of flexible reward - usually performance bonuses- in their pay packages. Consultants such as Crawford Gillies, of the London office of Bain, help companies to calculate the value of a relationship with a particular kind of customer. They are now starting to do the same with employees, discovering who does most to help the bottom line. With one retailr, the answer turned out to be not the store manager but the merchandising manager, one rank down.

Other consultants, like Diane Gherson, who heads the employee pay consulting practice at Towers Perin, are busily telling managers how to rank staff in various ways, as is commonly done at General Electric, Intel and Microsoft, and then concentrate rewards on the people at the top.

Even in egalitarian Europe, companies increasingly reward some workers more than others, says Hans Bohm, head of the German Association for Personnel Management. In addition, faced with a growing threat of lay-offs, works councils are becoming more willing to see sackings of workers with high rates of absenteeism.

But benchmarking employees, and then paying them different rates, can turn out to be a minefield if handled badly. Take Ford, which tried to introduce a radical staff- ranking scheme in the late 1990s. Workers protested loudly about the car maker's ranking criteria, and the scheme was, in fact, scrapped.

In any case, sheer shortage of cash will make it hard for many companies to reward good performance generously. In America, most companies are freezing or cutting the overall level of merit bonuses for this year, and one in ten plans to pay no bonuses at all. Those that want rewards to be cost-effective but memorable are seeking the services of firms that specialize in employee recognition, such as 0.C. Tanner.

Increasingly, says Kent Murdock, its chief executive, companies want to give Rolex watches or crystal knick-knacks to reward special performance. Spend $3,500 on a bonus for a valuable employee, and he is unlikely to weep for joy; spend the same on a fancy watch, and he just might. Now there's a way to motivate frugally.

Questions 34-38 .

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write down them in blanks 34-38 on your answer sheet.

34. The main idea of the article is

A. how to settle labor disputes in economic recession

B. how to cut wages while maintaining high employee morale

C. what changes have occurred in the way companies reward their employees

D. how to evaluate the effectiveness of wage cuts

35. Which of the following correctly explains the meaning of“ranking the rank-and-file"?

A. Giving a cross-the-board pay rise to all managers.

B. Rewarding employees according to their performance.

C. Giving an administrative title to each staff members.

D. Rewarding each employee according to their seniority.

36. General Electric, Intel and Microsoft are mentioned as an example of_____.

A. equal pay for equal work

B.“the best get the most"

C.“the best never rest"

D. "“the survival of the fittest"

37. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree ?

A. Staff-ranking scheme is the best remedy for current financial strains facing many firms.

B. Staff-ranking scheme has proven largely inffective and should be done away with immediately.

C. Staff ranking scheme can be an effective way of rewarding employee if it is handled with care.

D. Staff- ranking scheme is just a gimmick fabricated by consulting companies.

38. By saying“measure twice, cut once", Bill Coleman suggested that companies should.

A. dismiss twice as many employees as they have planned

B. never lay off their employees until they have conducted the second research

C. plan carefully before setting out to lay off their employees

D. dismiss employees only once a year

Questions 39-40

For each question, choose the best answer among the listed alternatives and write down your answers on your answer sheet.

39. Contrary to charges made by opponents of the new trade bll, the bil's provisions for taking action against foreign countries that place barriers against American exports, is justified. Opponents should take note that restrictive trade legislation in the 1930s succeeded in improving the U.S. trade balance even though economists were against it.

The author's method of rebutting opponents of the new trade bill is to

A. attack the patriotism of its opponents

B. attack the opponents' characters rather than their claims

C. imply an analogy between the new trade bill and previous trade legislation

D. suggest that economists were against both pieces of legislation

E. imply that previous legislation also permitted retaliatory action against foreign countries

40. The movement to ownership by unions is the latest step in the progression from management ownership to employee ownership. Employee ownership can save depressed and losing companies.

All the following statements, if true, provide support for the claim above except:

A. Employee-owned companies generally have higher productivity.

B. Employee participation in management raises morale.

C. Employee union ownership drives up salaries and wages.

D. Employee union ownership enables workers to share in the profits.

E. Employee union ownership makes it easier to lay off redundant workers.

Section IV: (30%)

Directions: Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.

A government's role is only to provide defense capability and urban infrastructure (roads, water supplies, etc.). All other services (education, health, social security, etc.) should be provided by private groups or individuals in the community.

To what extend do you agree or disagree with this statement?

You should write at least 300 words.

You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.