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长沙理工大学2020年考研真题：708 基础英语

科目名称：708 基础英语

适用专业：050200 外国语言文学

I、 Multiple Choice (20 points; 1 point for each)

Direction: From the four answers marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE best to complete the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.

1、Dictating his autobiography late in life，he commented with a _____ sense of despair on men' s final release from earthly struggles

A、avalanching

B、crushing

C、overwhelming

D、pressing

2、…they _____ from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and a failure..

A、disappear

B、vanish

C、submerge

D、evaporate

3、I had long _____ Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature.

A、hankered for

B、desired

C、coveted

D、adored

4、 It just knocked me out. That Walt Pidgeon is so dreamy. I mean he _____ me.

A、feature

B、fissure

C、fractures

D、fascinates

5、I am _____ into a bright room filled with many people. There I meet a smiling, gray, sporty man like Johnny Carson who shakes my hand

A、ushered

B、led

C、introduce

D、guided

6、Five _____ nights this took, but it was worth it. I had made a logician out of Polly.

A、gnawing

B、growling

C、grunting

D、grueling

7、 With an immense effort of will, I _____ my voice. "All right," I said. "You' re a logician. Let' s look at this thing logically

A、tune

B、modulated

C、modified

D、moderate

8、 She used to like dancing,

A、usedn't she

B、didn't she

C、doesn't she

D、AorB

9、 There was not time to____ the War Cabinet, nor was it necessary. I knew that we all felt the same on this issue.

A、consult

B、confer with

C、negotiate

D、inform

10、I feel sure it is a decision in which the great Dominions will in concur _____ for we must speak out now at once， without a day' s delay.

A、the end

B、due

C、time

D、proper

11、 When he tried to make a _____ he found that the hotel that he wanted was completely filled because of a convention.

A、 complaint

B、 claim

C、 reservation

D、 decision

12、 Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to___ heal thy.

A、 preserve

B、 stay

C、 hold

D、 reserve

13、 Some teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society, which _____ them the rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.

A、 deprives

B、restricts

C、rejects

D、denies

14、The Space Age _____ in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.

A、 initiated

B、 originated

C、 embarked

D、 commenced

15、The new secretary has written a remarkably____ report only in a few pages but with all the details.

A、 concise

B、 clear

C、 precise

D、 elaborate

16、 Chinese people are usually described as hospitable, generous and amiable. The underlined part means _____

A、 humble

B、 modest

C、 admirable

D、 pleasant and friendly

17、 The defendant is now at the mercy of judge for his misbehavior. The underlined part means _____

A、 at hand

B、 under the control of

C、 in name of

D、 in mercy of

18、 I intend to move that our committee_____ Jim as chairman, and I hope that you will second my motion.

A、 will appoint

B、 appoints

C、 appoint

D、 appointed

19、 It' s time you _____ the literature review.

A、 began

B、 shall begin

C、begin

D、 are beginning

20、 Talking about that is useless, _____ is familiar to me.

A、 which fact

B、 the fact of which

C、 fact

D、 that fact

II、Rhetorics (10 points; 1 point for each)

Direction: Choose the correct figure of speech in each sentence below and write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.

21、Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

Passion are likened best to floods and streams.

A、simile

B、metaphor

C、hyperbole

D、synecdoche

22、Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

Crafty men condemn study, simple men admire them. And wise men use them.

A、metaphor

B、antithesis

C、hyperbole

D、synecdoche

23、Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefit, and not he who sees it does.

A、simile

B、metaphor

C、hyperbole

D、synecdoche

24、 Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

What Newton was to mechanics and Darwin to biology, Freud was to psychology.

A、simile

B、metaphor

C、hyperbole

D、synecdoche

25、Identify the main figure of speech used in the sentence be low.

Time and tide wait for no man.

A、simile

B、metaphor

C、personification

D、antithesis

26、Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

He is an oyster of a man.

A、simile

B、metaphor

C、synecdoche

D、oxymoron

27、 Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

They sang highly of their army' s loss at Winkersberg as a“victorious defeat”

A、allusion

B、metaphor

C、synecdoche

D、oxymoron

28、 Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

He lost his empire， his family and his fountain pen.

A、allusion

B、anticlimax

C、synecdoche

D、oxymoron

29、Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

Social position, friends， reputation, life itself, had no longer any attraction for him.

A、allusion

B、climax

C、anticlimax

D、antithesis

30、 Identify the figure of speech used in the sentence below.

Those ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat - -nay，drink you blood?

A、alliteration

B、antithesis

C、consonance

D、oxymoron

III、 Cloze (10 points; 1 point for each)

Direction: Complete the blanks in the following passage by choosing the right word from the list to make the passage syntactically complete and semantically fluent. You may change the form of the chosen word if necessary.

follies  moralise  off  down  lust  effort  subdue  thirsty

rich  thrive  subjugate  exertions  lure  conquer  overwhelm

This is no time to__31__on the___32___of countries and Governments which have allowed themselves to be struck___33___ one by one, when by united action they could have saved themselves and saved the world from this tyranny. But when I spoke a few minutes ago of Hitler' s blood-___34_ and the hateful appetites which have impelled or___35___ him on his Russian adventure I said there was one deeper motive behind his outrage. He wishes to destroy the Russian power because he hopes that if he succeeds in this he will be able to bring back the main strength of his Army and Air Force from the East and hurl it upon this Island, which he knows he must__36_ or suffer the penalty of his crimes. His invasion of Russia is no more than a penalty to an attempted invasion of the British Isles.

He hopes, no doubt，that all this may be accomplished before the winter comes, and that he can _37__ Great Britain before the Fleet and air-power of the United States may intervene. He hopes that he may once again repeat, upon a greater scale than ever before，that process of destroying his enemies one by one by which he has so long __38_ and prospered, and that then the scene will be clear for the final act, without which all his conquests would be in vain -- namely, the__39_ of the Western Hemisphere to his will and to his system.

"The Russian danger is therefore our danger, and the danger of the United States. Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let us redouble our_40_ ，and strike with united strength while life and power remain. .

IV、Proofreading (20 points; 2 for each)

Direction: there is a mistake in each sentence below; find it and correct it on the answer sheet. Below is the exemplification of what you should do.

e.g. When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the sole of my feet.

Key: sole   改为soles

41、 Unimpressed by the Sultan of Turkey, for example, he reported,“... one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen able men in a night. ”

42、 Mark Twain suggested that an ingredient missing in the American ambition when he said:' "What a robust people, what a nation of thinkers we might be, if we would lay ourselves on the shelf.

43、My hair glistens in the hot bright lights. Johnny Carson has much to do to keep with my quick and witty tongue.

44、 By the time the trial began on July 10， our town of 1, 500 people had taken a circus atmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festooned with banners.

45、The streets around the three- -story red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passerbys.

46、The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the old Testament. The modernists, on other hand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin.

47、 Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeled, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample.

48、 He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago.' "Here' s when the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act. ”he said.

49、 He dedicated his youth to educate these children in a remote and poverty-stricken mountain village.

50、 The buried-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building- lot.

V、Reading Comprehension (30 points; 2 points for each)

Direction: read the passages and answer the questions below on the basis of your understanding of the passages.

Select the 0NLY appropriate mark of answer (A, B, C, D) form the answer given; then write the corresponding mark on the answer sheet.

Passage One

Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?

Beyond two or three days, the world' s best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.

The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction _____ rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features，from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.

The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so，some starting data must be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart， rising at one--foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12:01，then 12:02，then 12:03...

The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12:01， those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten--foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.

51、 Which word should be filled into the slot according to the context in the third paragraph.

A、proves

B、spreads

C、updates

D、deteriorates

52、 the underlined word in paragraph 2 most probably means a type of

A、weather at large

B、bad or negative weather

C、natural phenomenon

D、movement of cloud in upper atmosphere

53、 In paragraph 3 the word‘ cascading’ means

A、move upward with ever- increasing speed

B、scale up exponentially

C、connecting by setting relations among all components

D、flow dramatically like a cascade

54、 Which statement below is inferable from the passage?

A、Scientists have put sensors spaced equal -distance- apart to the top of the atmosphere to collect data for accurate calculation about weather.

B、infinitely powerful computer takes in all the data necessary and work at any time，hence able to work out the accurate weather prediction.

C、Butterfly effect refers to the situation where a controllable error will be magnified to an uncontrollable consequence

D、In pursuit of true scientific spirit, we must get rid of all tiny errors.

55、 the best title for this passage is

A、Small Errors Multiplied

B、Computerizing Weather Prediction

C、Butterfly Effect

D、uncontrollable Weather

Passage Two

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the 1ack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even，often enough, in other departments of the same firm.

The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book，for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

56、 why the author especially mentions chemical industries when talking about industrial secrecy? Because ____ 

A、the chemical industry is the most profitable and competitive

B、chemists usually do not like academic exchange

C、chemists are normally unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book

D、contingency play heavier role in chemical studies and experiments than in any other fields.

57、 By writing this passage, the author intends to illustrate ____ 

A、the negative effect of secrecy in industrial research and development

B、the difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific progresses from the

competing industrial firms

C、The degree of secrecy varies depending on some conditions

D、his denouncement of the current atmosphere of secrecy in industry.

58、 the last word of the passage means ____ 

A、doing

B、doing secretly

C、nearly accomplishing a project

D、agreeing on

59、 Which statement is NOT inferable from the passage?

A、Colleague in a firm may not contact with each other at all.

B、Patency is an ideal way of protecting industrial secret while al lowing necessary academic interchange.

C、Some company scientists may have never used public libraries.

D、There are many agents working on industrial information for companies.

60、the genre of this passage is ____ 

A、documentary

B、narration

C、argumentation

D、critics

Passage Three

When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain 1eft the river country. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit it."

He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada' s Washoe region. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent， and was rebuffed. Broke and discouraged, he accepted a job as reporter with the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise，to literature' s enduring gratitude.

From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. In the spring of 1864， less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise， he boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco， then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers.

Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Attacks . on the city government，concerning such issues as mistreatment of Chinese, so angered officials that he fled to the goldfields in the Sacramento Valley. His descript ions of the rough-country settlers there ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast. "It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home... It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences, which she bears unto this day - and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world smiles as usual, and says' Well, that is California all over.，”

61、 The figure of speech used in paragraph 1 is ____ 

A、irony

B、humor

C、metaphor 

D、hyperbole

62、 The underlined word in paragraph 2 can be BEST replaced by_____ 

A、disease

B、fever

C、fashion

D、movement

63、 Which adjective is NOT correct in describing rough-country settlers.

A、astounding

B、diligent

C、reckless

D、brave

64、The underlined sentence in paragraph 3 use ___ as figure of speech.

A、synecdoche

B、metonymy

C、antithesis

D、transferred epithet

65、 From the passage we learn that ____ 

A、Mark twain is a righteous man

B、Mark twain was earning when plying his pickax.

C、Mark Twain is a man doing things reckless of the cost and consequence.

D、Mark twain retreated better than the one who invented retreating

VI、Text Analysis (20 points; 5 points each; 10 for NO. 69)

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions that followed.

Both your ideas and 1anguage will be graded.

1】 Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most

lucrative and characteristic activity, the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth--rand here was a scene so dreadfully hideous , so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke . Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination--and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.

2】 I am not speaking of mere filth. One expects steel towns to be dirty. What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness，the sheer revol ting monstrousness, of every house in sight. From East Liberty to Greensburg, a distance of twenty-five miles，there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye. Some were so bad, and they were among the most pretentious --churches， stores, warehouses, and the like-- that they were down- right startling; one blinked before them as one blinks before a man with his face shot away. a few linger in memory, horrible even there: a crazy little church just west of Jeannette, set like a dormer window on the side of a bare leprous hill; the headquarters of the Veterans of Foreign Wars at another forlorn town, a steel stadium like a huge rattrap somewhere further down the line. But most of all I recall the general effect--of hideousness without a break. There was not a single decent house within eyerange from the Pittsburgh to the Greensburg yards. There was not one that was not misshapen，and there was not one that was not shabby.

3】 The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. It is， in form， a narrow river valley, with deep gullies running up into the hills. It is thickly settled, but not: noticeably overcrowded. There is still plenty of room for building, even in the larger towns, and there are very few solid blocks. Nearly every house，big and little， has space on all four sides. Obviously, if there were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region, they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides—a chalet with a high-pitched roof, to throw off the heavy Winter snows, but still essentially a low and clinging building, wider than it was tall. But what have they done? They have taken as their model a brick set on end. This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards with a narrow, low-pitched roof. And the whole they have set upon thin, preposterous brick piers. By the hundreds and thousands these abominable houses cover the bare hillsides, like gravestones in some gigantic and decaying cemetery. 0n their deep sides they are three, four and even five stories high; on their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. Not a fifth of them are perpendicular . They lean this way and that, hanging on to their bases precariously。And one and all they are streaked in grime, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks.

4】 Now and then there is a house of brick. But what brick! When it is new it is the color of a fried egg. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. Was it necessary to adopt that shocking color? No more than it was necessary to set all of the houses on end. Red brick, even in a steel town， ages with some dignity. Let it become downright black, and it is still sightly ，especially if its trimmings are of white stone, with soot in the depths and the high spots washed by the rain. But in Westmoreland they prefer that uremic yellow，and so they have the most loathsome towns and villages ever seen by mortal eye.

5】 I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant

prayer. I have seen, I believe, all of the most unlovely towns of the world; they are all to be found in the United States. I have seen the mill towns of decomposing New England and the desert towns of Utah, Arizona and Texas. I am familiar with the back streets of Newark, Brooklyn and Chicago， and have made scientific explorations to Camden, N. J. and Newport News, Va. Safe in a Pullman , I have whirled through the gloomy, Godforsaken villages of Iowa and Kansas, and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia. I have been to Bridgeport，Conn ，and to Los Angeles. But nowhere on this earth， at home or abroad, have I seen anything to compare to the villages that huddle aloha the line of the Pennsylvania from the Pittsburgh yards to Greensburg. They are incomparable in color， and they are incomparable in design. It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius， uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that，in retrospect , become almost diabolical . One cannot imagine mere human beings concocting such dreadful things，and one can scarcely imagine human beings bearing life in them.

Questions analyzing the above text:

66、 What type of writing is the article?

67、 What is the writer's writing purpose?

68、 What is the main idea of the article?

69、 Separate the article into 3 parts according to the organization and summarize the main idea of each part.

VII. Translation (20 points; 10 points for each)

Direction: translate the following passage form English to Chinese and Vice Versa. Write the translated version on the answer sheet.

(1) The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship between our civilization and the major natural components of the earth' s ecological system.

As early as 1946 one strategist concluded that strategic bombing with missiles "may well tear away the veil of illusion that has so long obscured the reality of the change in warfare - from a fight to a process of destruction. ”

Nevertheless, during the earlier stages of the nuclear arms race，each of the superpower s assumed that its actions would have a simple and direct effect on the thinking of the other.

(2)上海的天然条件并不是-一个优良的海港,因为水太浅，1950年以前赴上海的大轮船都是停在江心，由小驳轮把客货运到岸上。但是上海有广大的腹地(整个长江流域的肥沃平原)、大量的优质人口(交大与复旦等一流学府)与庞大的生产(农产品、农产加工品、与各种轻、重工业产品)，构成物流的充分条件。重要的是，现代的工程技术发达，人工港口不是问题。于是中国政府在东海的大、小洋山岛用人工开出一个深水港，然后修建一条32公里的跨海大桥，东海大桥，把洋山深水港与上海连接起来。

VIII. Writing (20 points)

Direction: Write on the answer sheet according to the following instructions.

December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help those in need.

China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering? Write a composition of about 280 words on the following topic:

The Benefits of Volunteering You are to write in three parts.

In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.

In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate details.

In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.