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2019年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题及参考答案

一、请将以下英文术语或词组翻译成中文，然后用中文加以简洁定义（每小题3分，共15分）

1、Budget deficit 

【参考答案】

财政赤字，是指一国政府在每一财政年度开始之初，总会制定一个当年的财政预算方案，若实际执行结果收入大于支出，为财政赢余，支出大于收入的经济现象,就叫作财政赤字。

2、Countervailing duty

【参考答案】

反倾销税，是指一国对本国进口商征收的一种关税，以防止其他国家倾销。 根据《GATT 1994》第六条第一款的规定，一国的产品以低于正常价值的方式出口到其他国家，从而对缔约国领土上的既定产业造成物质损害或物质伤害的威胁，或严重阻碍在该国建立新产业，这种行为构成倾销。 在实践中，抵制倾销最重要和最有效的措施是征收反倾销税。

3、Equity capital

【参考答案】

主权资本，又称权益资金、权益资本，是企业依法筹集并长期拥有、自主支配的资本。我国企业主权资金，包括实收资本、资本公积金、盈余公积金和未分配利润，在会计中称“所有者权益”。

4、Currency swap

【参考答案】

货币互换，是指为降低借款成本或避免远期汇率风险，将一种货币的债务转换成另一种货币的债务的交易。

5、Corporate social responsibility

【参考答案】

企业社会责任，是一种道德或意识形态理论，主要讨论政府、股份有限公司、机构及个人是否有责任对社会作出贡献。分为正面及负面：正面是指有责任参与；负面指有责任不参与。

二、请将以下中文术语或词组翻译成英文，然后用英文加以简洁定义（每小题3分，共15分）

1、倾销

【参考答案】dumping

Dumping, in economics, is a kind of injuring pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price below the normal price with an injuring effect. The objective of dumping is to increase market share in a foreign market by driving out competition and thereby create a monopoly situation where the exporter will be able to unilaterally dictate price and quality of the product.

2、边际成本

【参考答案】marginal cost

Marginal Cost is an increase in total cost that results from a one unit increase in output. It is defined as "the cost that results from a one unit change in the production rate".

3、一带一路

【参考答案】The Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 involving infrastructure development and investments in 152 countries and international organizations in Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas.

4、十三五规划

【参考答案】the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (the 13th Five-Year Plan )

The 13th FYP lays out a 6.5 percent average annual growth target in an effort to achieve a “moderately prosperous society” by 2020. This 6.5 percent target is critical for the government to double China's 2010 level of GDP by 2020.

5、收支平衡定价法

【参考答案】Breakeven Pricing

Breakeven pricing is the practice of setting a price point at which a business will earn zero profits on a sale. The intention is to use low prices as a tool to gain market share and drive competitors from the marketplace.

三、请将以下英语段落翻译成汉语（共60分）

African countries have, largely unsuccessfully, tried many approaches over the past 50 years to develop manufacturing. Despite this, the ambition remains. However, new and emerging technologies associated with the "new industrial revolution" will have to be mastered.

One of the largest manufacturing sub- sectors in Africa is food and beverages. Trends such as population growth, urbanization and the rise of the middle class are increasing the demand for more, better quality and more diversified food products. It is a huge opportunity for manufacturing.

Emerging technologies such as AI and 3D-printingcan play a catalysing role. AI applications being implemented elsewhere a real ready contributing to improving food production from the “farm to the fork”, for instance, by helping farmers to monitor growing conditions and to identify crop diseases timeously, by tracking products along the entire supply chain, by improving food-sorting and equipment-cleaning, by monitoring hygiene in factories, and by helping entrepreneurs develop new products. Block chain, a new digital technology that creates trust between parties and reduces the need for intermediaries, can help in this by improving the functioning of financial and land markets. 3D printing is contributing to the "mass customization" of new food products. It will not only drive customization of products to more closely meet consumer needs, but may also democratize production and innovation.

Boosting African industrialization through food processing will require drought-proofing agriculture, given that the continent is one of those worst affected by climate change. This is an opportunity for” green” industrialization and promotion of the circular economy. Africa has nine times the solar potential of Europe and an annual equivalent to one hundred million tons of oil. With such considerable potential energy resources, the costs of electricity, one of the most vital inputs into manufacturing, should drop significantly in Africa in years to come.

How do African countries harness these opportunities? Yes, there is a digital divide and yes, Africa lags behind in terms of many indicators of participation in the digital economy. Yes, there may not at present be enough science, technology, engineering and mathematics skills available in local labour markets. However, in the digital economy, leapfrogging is possible. Kenya is already a world leader in financial technology. And new mobile technology is already being used to stream video lectures into African classrooms: there is nothing inevitable or permanent as far as the skills gap is concerned.

It is wrong to argue that Africa should still be investing in traditional manufacturing sectors based on the idea that somehow this will give African countries the experience to "learn" how to industrialize. There is little opportunity in "old" industries where useful learning can occur in the age of disruptive digital manufacturing. In fact, it may only serve to lock certain countries into dead-end manufacturing sectors. What is far more sensible today is to invest in entrepreneurial ability. Africa has great entrepreneurs. Let’s start now to build the start-up ecosystems that can generate the future giants of African manufacturing.

【参考译文】

在过去的50年里，非洲国家采用各种方法发展制造业，但大多没有成功。尽管如此，发展制造业的雄心依旧。然而，要实现这一目标，他们必须掌握与“新工业革命”相关的新兴技术。

食品和饮料业是非洲制造业中最大的子行业。随着人口增长、城市化的发展和中产阶级的崛起，人们对更多、更高质量和更多样化食品的需求正在不断增加。 制造业孕育巨大机遇。

人工智能和3D打印等新兴技术发挥了推动作用。正在得到各领域的人工智能技术，实将有助于提高粮食产量，实现“农场到餐桌”服务，例如，通过帮助农民监测种植条件和及时识别作物病害，通跟踪整个供应链中的产品，改进食品分类和设备清洁，监测工厂卫生状况，并帮助企业家开发新产品。作为一种新的数字技术，区块链能够共建信任，减少对中间商的依赖，改善金融和土地市场的运作以实现这一目标。3D打印技术推动新食品的“大规模定制”。它不仅将推动产品定制以更好地满足消费者需求，还有望推动生产和创新的大众化。

非洲大陆是受气候变化影响最严重的地区之一，要实现通过食品加工促进非洲工业化，非洲国家需要推动农业抗旱。这也有利于推动“绿色”工业化并促进循环经济。非洲太阳能潜力是欧洲的九倍，这相当于每年一亿吨石油。电力是制造业最重要的投入之一，由于非洲国家拥有如此巨大的潜在能源资源，电力成本在未来几年将大幅下降。

非洲国家如何把握这些机会？ 是的，存在数字鸿沟。就参与数字经济的诸多指标上而言，非洲远远落后了。非洲当地劳动力市场目前可能没有足够的科学、技术、工程和数学技能。 但是，在数字经济中，实现跨越是有可能的。 比如，肯尼亚已经是世界金融技术领域的领导者。 并且新的移动技术已经实现将视频讲座传播到非洲教室：就技能缺口而言，没有什么是不可避免的或永久性的。

存在这样一种观点：非洲仍应投资于传统制造业，认为这将为非洲国家提供“学习”如何工业化的经验，这种观点是错误的。“旧”的产业的机会很少，而有用的学习机会存在于颠覆性数字制造时代。事实上，这种观点可能只会将某些国家陷入制造业的死胡同里。如今更明智的做法在于投资创业能力。非洲有伟大的企业家，我们现在就开始建立创业生态系统，以便未来非洲出现制造业巨头。

四、请将以下汉语段落翻译成英语（共60分）

五月的草原一片绿色，我们来到内蒙古进行关于城市义务教育免费工作的调研。应当说，这项影响深远的工作成果使草原的教育散发出一股浓浓的春的气息。

内蒙古自治区共有32个城市地区。2006年秋季，自治区就对县级市和满洲里、二连浩特两个计划单列市共14个城市地区义务教育阶段的中小学生全部实施了“两免”。2007年秋季，全区其余18个城市地区义务教育阶段的中小学生也全部被纳入“两免”政策实施的范围。

城市义务教育免费政策的实施，促进了义务教育健康、稳步发展，保障了所有适龄少年儿童实现“有学上”的愿望，降低了义务教育阶段中小学生的辍学率。它在一定程度上减轻了城市低收入家庭的负担，尤其是使城市低保家庭、下岗职工家庭、多子女家庭和进城务工人员家庭得到了实实在在的好处。在调研过程中，我们深切体会到家长和学生，特别是低收入家庭对“两免”政策的热烈欢迎和衷心拥护。内蒙古自治区不仅免除了城市地区义务教育阶段学生的学杂费，同时还免费提供了教科书。鄂尔多斯市的东胜区除了“两免”外，还免除了学生的作业本费。

为了保证进城务工人员的子女都能够充分接受义务教育，自治区按照国家的有关政策，采取多种形式，保障进城务工人员子女接受义务教育的权利。截至2007年底，全自治区义务教育阶段进城务工人员子女20.6万多人，全部享受与当地居民子女同等的“两免”政策。

【参考译文】

This May we conducted a study tour on free urban compulsory education across Inner Mongolia autonomous region, and discovered that the far-reaching policy has produced a far-reaching impact on local education.

There are 32 cities and regions in Inner Mongolia. In the autumn of 2006, the local government exempted all students in compulsory education in 14 cities, including Manzhouli and Erenhot, from tuition fees and miscellaneous fees. A year later, eligible students in another 18 cities were included in the same program.

The rollout of this policy promotes the sound and stable development of local compulsory education, ensures access to education among school-age children and reduces the dropout rate in compulsoryeducation. It also reduces the financial burden on low-income urban families,and in particular, delivers tangible benefits to those that live on subsistence allowances, have laid-off parents and many children, and those formed by migrant workers. During the tour we were impressed by the ardent support for the policy among local parents and students, especially those from low-income families.

In addition, the government offers textbooks for free to the students, and free exercise books are also made available in Dongsheng District, Erdos.

The local government also works in different ways to protect the rights of children of migrant workers and ensure their full access to compulsory education. By the end of 2007, all the 206,000 children of migrant workers across the region, as their urban peers, were exempted from tuition fees and miscellaneous fees.