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Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be witen clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 point)

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its intcgrity, they are cntitled to continuancc. 

When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists umpcd to the recscuc with somc distinctly shaky cvidncc to the cfect that insccts would cat us u if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.

It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage 1o us.

A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by klling the physically weak or that they prey only on“worthless" species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.

Some species of trees have been“Tread out of the party" by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) n Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community to be preserved as such. within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.

To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore and thus cventually 1o eliminate many clements in the land comunity that lack commercial value but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

【参考范本】

46.科学家们急忙介入，但提出的证据显然站不住脚，共大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。

47.但是我们至少近乎承认，无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值，它们白有生存下去的权利。

48.曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了.种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。

49.在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。

50.这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值、但对其健康运行至关重要的物利，而最终导致它们的火绝。